AHMAD SHĀH DURRĀNĪ (1722-1772), the first of the Saddozaī rulers of Afghanistan and founder of the Durrānī empire, belonged to the Saddozaī section of the Popalzaī clan of the Abdālī tribe of Afghāns. In the 18th century the Abdālīs were to be found chiefly around Herāt. Under their leader Zamān Khān, father of Ahmad Khān, they resisted Persian attempts to take Herāt until, in 1728, they were forced to submit to Nādir Shāh. Recognizing the fighting qualities of the Abdālīs, Nādir Shāh enlisted them in his army. Ahmad Khān Abdālī distinguished himself in Nādir's service and quickly rose from the position of a personal attendant to the command of Nādir's Abdālī contingent in which capacity he accompanied the Persian conqueror on his Indian expedition in 1739. In June 1747, Nādir Shāh was assassinated by Qizilbāshī conspirators at Kuchān in Khurāsān. This prompted Ahmad Khān and the Afghān soldiery to set out for Qandahār. On the way they elected Ahmad Khān as their leader, hailing him as Ahmad Shāh. Ahmad Shāh assumed the title of Durr-i-Durrān (Pearl of Pearls) after which the Abdālī tribe were known as Durrānīs. He was crowned at Qandahār where coins were struck in his name. With Qandahār as his base, he easily extended his control over Ghaznī, Kābul and Peshāwar. As for himself, he, as heir to Nādir Shāh's eastern dominions, laid claim to the provinces which Nādir had wrested from the Mughal emperor. He invaded India nine times between 1747 and 1769. He set out from Peshāwar on his first Indian expedition in December 1747. By January 1748, Lahore and Sirhind had been captured. Eventually Mughal forces were sent from Delhi to resist his advance. Lacking artillery and vastly outnumbered, he was defeated at Mānūpur in March 1748 by Mu'īn-ul-Mulk, the son of the Wazīr Qamar ud-Dīn who had been killed in a preliminary skirmish. Ahmad Shāh retreated to Afghanistan and Mu'īn ul-Mulk was appointed governor of the Punjab. Before Mu'īn ul-Mulk could consolidate his position, Ahmad Shāh, in December 1749, again crossed the Indus. Receiving no reinforcements from Delhi, Mu'īn ul-Mulk was forced to make terms with him. In accordance with instructions from Delhi, Ahmad Shāh was promised the revenues of the Chahār Mahāl (Gujrāt, Auraṅgābād, Siālkoṭ and Pasrūr) which had been granted by the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shāh to Nādir Shāh in 1739. The non-payment of the revenues of the Chahār Mahāl was the reason for his third Indian expedition of 1751-52. Lahore was besieged for four months and the surrounding country devastated. Mu' īn ul-Mulk was defeated in March 1752, but was reinstated by Ahmad Shāh to whom the emperor formally ceded the two sūbahs of Lahore and Multān. During this expedition Kashmīr was annexed to the Durrānī empire. By April 1752 Ahmad Shāh was back in Afghanistan. Mu'īn ul-Mulk found the Punjab a troublesome charge and his death in November 1753 only served to intensify the anarchy. All power was for a time in the hands of his widow, Mughlānī Begam, whose profligacy signalled many a rebellion. The Mughal Wazīr Imād ul-Mulk took advantage of this anarchy to recover the Punjab for the empire and entrusted its administration to Ādīnā Beg. Ahmad Shāh immediately set out to recover his lost province. He reached Lahore towards the end of December 1756, and, after an unopposed march, entered Delhi on 28 January 1757. The city was plundered and the defenseless inhabitants massacred. A similar fate befell the inhabitants of Mathurā, Vrindāvan and Āgrā. Towards the end of March 1757, an outbreak of cholera amongst his troops forced Ahmad Shāh to leave India. The territory of Sirhind was annexed to the Afghān empire. Najīb ud-Daulā, the Ruhīlā leader who had supported him, was left in charge of Delhi and his own son, Taimūr, appointed viceroy of the Punjab. He had no sooner left India than the Sikhs, together with Ādīnā Beg, rose in revolt against Taimūr. Early in 1758 Ādīnā Beg invited Marāṭhās to expel the Afghāns from the Punjab. This was accomplished by the Marāṭhās who actually crossed the Indus and held Peshāwar for a few months. These events brought Ahmad Shāh to India once again (1759-61). The Marāṭhās rapidly evacuated the Punjab before the Afghān advance and retreated towards Delhi. They were routed with enormous losses at Pānīpat on 14 January 1761.
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㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 昀攀愀爀 漀昀 栀椀猀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀 攀洀瀀椀爀攀 昀愀氀氀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 琀漀 漀戀猀攀猀猀 琀栀攀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀✀猀 洀椀渀搀 愀渀搀 栀攀 氀攀搀 漀甀琀 礀攀琀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 瀀甀渀椀琀椀瘀攀 挀愀洀瀀愀椀最渀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀洀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 琀栀攀 挀氀漀猀攀 漀昀 㜀㘀㘀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 栀椀猀 攀椀最栀琀栀 椀渀瘀愀猀椀漀渀 椀渀琀漀 䤀渀搀椀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 栀愀搀 爀攀挀漀甀爀猀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀氀搀 最愀洀攀 漀昀 栀椀搀攀ⴀ愀渀搀ⴀ猀攀攀欀⸀ 嘀愀挀愀琀椀渀最 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 眀爀攀猀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 渀漀洀椀渀攀攀猀Ⰰ 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀甀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䴀愀氀氀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 渀攀瀀栀攀眀 䄀洀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 昀愀挀攀搀 猀焀甀愀爀攀氀礀 琀栀攀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀Ⰰ 䨀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 愀琀 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀Ⰰ 昀漀爀挀椀渀最 栀椀洀 琀漀 爀攀琀爀攀愀琀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 㘀Ⰰ 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀甀爀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 猀漀氀搀椀攀爀猀 欀椀氀氀攀搀⸀ 䄀栀洀愀搀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 漀昀昀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 最漀瘀攀爀渀漀爀猀栀椀瀀 漀昀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 琀漀 匀椀欀栀 㰀椀㸀猀愀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 䰀愀栀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䈀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀 搀攀挀氀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀瀀漀猀愀氀⸀ 䨀愀猀猀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 ☀⌀㈀㔀㘀栀氀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 愀爀洀礀 漀昀 ㌀ Ⰰ 匀椀欀栀猀Ⰰ 爀漀愀洀攀搀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 渀攀椀最栀戀漀甀爀栀漀漀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 挀愀洀瀀 瀀氀甀渀搀攀爀椀渀最 椀琀 琀漀 栀椀猀 栀攀愀爀琀✀猀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀⸀ 一攀瘀攀爀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 栀愀搀 䄀栀洀愀搀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 昀攀氀琀 猀漀 栀攀氀瀀氀攀猀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 漀甀琀挀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀渀攀焀甀愀氀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 戀椀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 挀漀渀琀攀猀琀 渀漀眀 氀愀礀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 椀渀 昀愀瘀漀甀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 栀愀搀 爀攀愀氀椀稀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 栀椀猀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀 搀漀洀椀渀椀漀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀眀 愀琀 琀栀攀 洀攀爀挀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 愀渀搀 栀攀 戀漀眀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 椀渀攀瘀椀琀愀戀氀攀⸀ 䠀椀猀 漀眀渀 猀漀氀搀椀攀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 最攀琀琀椀渀最 爀攀猀琀椀瘀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 栀攀愀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 眀愀猀 戀攀挀漀洀椀渀最 甀渀戀攀愀爀愀戀氀攀⸀ 䠀攀Ⰰ 愀琀 氀愀猀琀Ⰰ 搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 栀漀洀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀漀漀欀 愀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 爀漀甀琀攀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 愀瘀漀椀搀 洀漀氀攀猀琀愀琀椀漀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀⸀ 䄀猀 猀漀漀渀 愀猀 䄀栀洀愀搀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 爀攀琀椀爀攀搀Ⰰ 匀椀欀栀猀 爀攀漀挀挀甀瀀椀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 琀攀爀爀椀琀漀爀椀攀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀThe Shāh led out his last expedition in the beginning of 1769. He crossed the Indus and the Jehlum and reached as far as the right bank of the Chenāb and fixed his camp at Jukālīāṅ to the northwest of Gujrāt. By this time the Sikhs had established themselves more firmly in the country. Moreover, dissensions broke out among the Shāh's followers and he was compelled to return to Afghanistan.
㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀伀渀 䄀栀洀愀搀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀✀猀 搀攀愀琀栀 椀渀 㜀㜀㈀ 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀愀渀挀攀爀漀甀猀 眀漀甀渀搀 猀愀椀搀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 漀渀 栀椀猀 渀漀猀攀 戀礀 愀 昀氀礀椀渀最 瀀椀攀挀攀 漀昀 戀爀椀挀欀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 䠀愀爀椀洀愀渀搀愀爀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀椀戀 眀愀猀 搀攀猀琀爀漀礀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 最甀渀瀀漀眀搀攀爀Ⰰ 栀椀猀 攀洀瀀椀爀攀 爀漀甀最栀氀礀 攀砀琀攀渀搀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 伀砀甀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀甀猀 愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 吀椀戀攀琀 琀漀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀甀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀⸀ 䤀琀 攀洀戀爀愀挀攀搀 䬀愀猀栀洀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀Ⰰ 倀攀猀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀眀愀爀Ⰰ 䴀甀氀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀Ⰰ 匀椀渀搀栀Ⰰ 䈀愀氀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀挀栀椀猀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀Ⰰ 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀甀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀Ⰰ 䠀攀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀琀Ⰰ 儀愀渀搀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀Ⰰ 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀甀氀 愀渀搀 䈀愀氀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䈀䤀䈀∀㸀ഀഀ BIBLIOGRAPHYB. J. Hasrat